LEGAL PROFESSION ACT - 1960 (ACT 32)

    • (1) There shall continue to be a body, to be called the General Legal Council, which shall be concerned with the legal profession and, in particular:-

      (a) with the organisation of legal education, and

      (b) with upholding standards of professional conduct.

      (2) The constitution of the Council shall be as set out in the First Schedule to this Act.

      (3) The Council may hold land and other property and do all such other things as may appear to them to be required for the purpose of performing their functions.

      (4) The Council shall appoint a Director of Legal Education, and such other officers as they may require, and in the case of officers required for the purposes of Part II of this Act the appointments shall be made on the recommendation of the Director of Legal Education.

      (5) The Council shall in the performance of their functions comply with any general directions given to them by the Minister.

    • Every person whose name is entered on the Roll to be kept under this Part shall-

      (a) subject to section 8 of this Act, be entitled to practise as a lawyer, whether as a barrister or solicitor or both, and to sue for and recover his fees, charges and disbursements for services rendered as such, and

      (b) be an officer of the Courts, and

      (c) when acting as a lawyer, be subject to all such liabilities as attach by law to a solicitor.

    • With effect from the first day of January, 1971 a person shall not be qualified for enrolment under any provision of this Act unless he is the holder of a degree from a university approved by the General Legal Council; and [As Inserted by Legal Profession Act (Amendment) (No. 2) Decree, 1967 (NLCD 213) s. 1 (b)].

    • (1) The Roll of the Supreme Court heretofore known as the Roll of Legal Practitioners shall be known as the Roll of Lawyers and shall be kept by the Judicial Secretary.

      (2) A person applying for enrolment shall deposit in the office of the Judicial Secretary for custody therein-

      (a) an affidavit of identity in a form approved by the General Legal Council, and

      (b) a duly authenticated copy of his qualifying certificate granted by the General Legal Council or, in the case of a person not holding such a certificate, such other documents as may be prescribed,

      but the Council may, on special grounds, and on such terms as they think reasonable, exempt any person from complying with any formalities prescribed by this subsection either absolutely or for any specified period.

      (3) Rules made by the General Legal Council may require that a person who does not hold a qualifying certificate issued by the Council under Part II of this Act shall before enrolment pay to the Council a fee not exceeding lbG100 and may provide for exempting persons from payment of the fee where the Council thinks fit.

      (4) A person may, on payment of the fee appointed by the Council, obtain from the Judicial Secretary a certificate of his enrolment.

      (5) No stamp duty shall be payable on enrolment.

    • The General Legal Council shall from time to time hold formal meetings at which duly qualified applicants shall be enrolled and called to the bar, but the Council may at their discretion dispense with the formalities under this section in any particular case.

    • Notwithstanding anything in this Act, a military advocate may appear in any court on behalf of a member of the Armed Forces charged with any offence, and when so appearing sections 8 and 9 of this Act shall not apply to him.

    • The Minister responsible for finance may, out of monies provided by Parliament, make to the General Legal Council such grants towards expenditure incurred by them as he thinks fit and shall so far as practicable arrange for the Council to be informed not less than twelve months in advance of the amount of the grants which he proposes to make to them in any year.

    • (1) The Council shall keep accounts in the form directed by the Accountant-General and shall not later than the 31st day of March in each year prepare a statement of revenue and expenditure estimated for the next financial year.

      (2) The Council shall also prepare not later than the end of any calendar year a financial statement covering the previous financial year in a form approved by the Auditor-General.

      (3) The statement prepared by the Council under subsection (2) shall be submitted for audit by the Auditor-General who shall present it when audited, together with his report thereon, to Parliament not later than the 31st day of March in the financial year following that to which the statement relates.

    • (1) It shall be the duty of the General Legal Council to make arrangements-

      (a) for establishing a system of legal education,

      (b) for selecting the subjects in which those seeking to qualify as lawyers are to be examined,

      (c) for establishing courses of instruction for students and, generally, for affording opportunities for students to read and to obtain practical experience in the law,

      (d) for regulating the admission of students to pursue courses of instruction leading to qualification as lawyers, and

      (e) for holding examinations which may include preliminary and intermediate examinations as well as final qualifying examinations.

      (2) The Council may carry out the arrangements in such manner as they think fit and, in particular, either through a school of law set up by them or through any other educational institution.

      (3) The Council shall issue to those who have satisfied the Council that they have attained the necessary standards of proficiency in the law, that they have obtained adequate practical experience in the law and that they are otherwise qualified to practise as lawyers a certificate to that effect (hereinafter referred to as a "qualifying certificate").

    • (1) It shall be the duty of the General Legal Council to make arrangements-

      (a) for establishing a system of legal education,

      (b) for selecting the subjects in which those seeking to qualify as lawyers are to be examined,

      (c) for establishing courses of instruction for students and, generally, for affording opportunities for students to read and to obtain practical experience in the law,

      (d) for regulating the admission of students to pursue courses of instruction leading to qualification as lawyers, and

      (e) for holding examinations which may include preliminary and intermediate examinations as well as final qualifying examinations.

      (2) The Council may carry out the arrangements in such manner as they think fit and, in particular, either through a school of law set up by them or through any other educational institution.

      (3) The Council shall issue to those who have satisfied the Council that they have attained the necessary standards of proficiency in the law, that they have obtained adequate practical experience in the law and that they are otherwise qualified to practise as lawyers a certificate to that effect (hereinafter referred to as a "qualifying certificate").

    • The General Legal Council may, by legislative instrument, with the approval of the Minister make regulations concerning all matters connected with legal education and, in particular, concerning

      (a) the conduct of examinations, and the fees to be charged to those sitting for the examinations,

      (b) admission to practise as a lawyer, and

      (c) the issue of diplomas to persons who have passed examinations held by them.

    • (1) There shall continue to be a Board of Legal Education to whom the General Legal Council may delegate the immediate administration and supervision of legal education and such other of their functions as the Council think fit.

      (2) Subject to this section the Board shall consist of-

      (a) the Chief Justice;

      (b) the Attorney-General;

      (c) a member of the General Legal Council nominated by the Chief Justice;

      (d) two persons nominated by the Minister as being persons with wide experience both in the law and other fields;

      (e) the Director of Legal Education.

      (3) The General Legal Council may at any time with the approval of the Minister by order vary the constitution of the Board.

      (4) The term of office of a person nominated under this section shall be determined by the person nominating him at the time of his nomination.

    • (1) A lawyer who has been guilty of grave misconduct in a professional respect (including any conduct which, in pursuance of rules made by the General Legal Council under this Part, is to be treated as grave misconduct in a professional respect), shall be liable-

      (a) to have his name struck off the Roll of Lawyers, or

      (b) to be prohibited from practising as a lawyer for a period specified in the order suspending him.

      (2) Section 9 of this Act applies to a lawyer who is prohibited under this section from practising as it applies to a person who is not enrolled.

    • The General Legal Council may direct the Judicial Secretary to strike off the Roll of Lawyers without the holding of a disciplinary enquiry, the name of any Lawyer who has been convicted of an offence involving dishonesty or moral turpitude and the Judicial Secretary shall comply with any such direction:

      Provided that the Judicial Secretary shall not erase the name of a lawyer from the Roll under this paragraph unless the period allowed (if any) within which the lawyer concerned may lodge an appeal against his conviction has expired without his lodging an appeal or if any such appeal was lodged by him until the appeal has been finally disposed of or withdrawn or abandoned. [As Inserted by Legal Profession Act (Amendment) Decree, 1969 (NLCD 338) s. 1 (a)].

    • (1) The General Legal Council shall appoint from among their members, or persons who hold or have held high judicial office, or former members of the Council who are practising as lawyers, a Disciplinary Committee consisting of such number of persons, not being less than three nor more than seven, as the Council think fit. [As Substituted by Legal Profession (Amendment) Decree, 1979 (AFRCD 53) s. 1(a)].

      (2) The Council may remove any member from the Disciplinary Committee, but not while he is hearing a disciplinary case, and fill any vacancy therein and, subject to the limit in subsection (1), increase the number of members of the Disciplinary Committee.

    • Any complaint by a person relating to the conduct of a lawyer shall be referred to the Disciplinary Committee and, if it appears to the Disciplinary Committee that an inquiry ought to be held into the complaint, they shall proceed to hold the inquiry.

    • (1) The Disciplinary Committee may by legislative instrument make rules as to the times and places of the meetings of the Committee, the manner of summoning members, and the procedure to be followed and rules of evidence to be observed in an inquiry, and in particular,-

      (a) for securing that any party to the inquiry shall, if he so requires, be entitled to be heard by the Committee, and

      (b) for enabling any party to the inquiry to be represented by a lawyer, and

      (c) for the allowance to witnesses of their expenses subject to such limits as may be prescribed, and

      (d) for prescribing the number of members to hold an inquiry in a disciplinary case, and the cases in which their decision must be unanimous.

      (2) The Disciplinary Committee shall have the powers of the High Court to summon witnesses, and to call for the production of documents, and to examine witnesses and parties concerned on oath; and oaths may be administered for that purpose by any member of the Disciplinary Committee.

      (3) All persons summoned to attend and give evidence, or to produce documents, at any sitting of the Disciplinary Committee in an inquiry under this Act shall be bound to obey the summons to attend as fully in all respects as witnesses are bound to obey subpoenas issued from the High Court, and every person failing without reasonable excuse to attend at the time and place mentioned in the summons served on him, or withdrawing without the permission of the Disciplinary Committee, or refusing without reasonable excuse to answer any question put to him in the course of the inquiry, or to produce any documents which he has been required to produce shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding lbG50.

      (4) A person giving evidence in an inquiry under this Act shall not be compelled to incriminate himself, and shall, in respect of any evidence so given, be entitled to all privileges to which a witness giving evidence before the High Court is entitled.

      (5) A person who at any sitting of the Disciplinary Committee wilfully insults any member of the Disciplinary Committee, or any officer of the Disciplinary Committee, or wilfully interrupts the proceedings of the Disciplinary Committee shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding lbG100, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to both.

      (6) For the purposes of the law relating to the offence of perjury the Disciplinary Committee holding an inquiry under this Act shall be deemed to be a court.

    • (1) After holding an inquiry into a disciplinary case, the Disciplinary Committee shall decide whether the allegations enquired into are proved and if they decide that those allegations are proved they may direct the taking of any such disciplinary measures as are specified in section 16 of this Act and make such order as to costs as they may think fit.

      (2) The Disciplinary Committee may if they think fit postpone either indefinitely or for a specified period the making of their decision whether to take any such disciplinary measures.

    • Where the Disciplinary Committee on the conclusion of an inquiry into a disciplinary case has directed the taking of disciplinary measures or has postponed its decision under section 20 of this Act, the lawyer into whose conduct the inquiry was made or the complainant into whose complaint the inquiry was made may, within twenty-one days from the date on which the decision of the Disciplinary Committee is communicated to him by the Committee, appeal to the Court of Appeal-

      (a) on any question of law, or

      (b) with leave of the Disciplinary Committee or the Court of Appeal, on any question of fact. [As Substituted by Legal Profession (Amendment) Decree, 1979 (AFRCD 53) s. 1 (b)].

    • The Judicial Secretary shall not erase the name of the lawyer from the Roll in pursuance of a decision of the Committee until the period of 21 days, under section 21 of this Act, has expired and until he has ascertained that no appeal has been brought under that section or that any such appeal has been disposed of.

    • The General Legal Council may prescribe standards of professional etiquette and professional conduct for lawyers, and may by rules made for this purpose direct that any specified breach of the rules shall for the purposes of this Part constitute grave misconduct in a professional respect.

    • (1) Subject to this section, where the name of any lawyer has been struck off the Roll in consequence of a decision in a disciplinary case or in consequence of a direction by the General Legal Council under section 16A of this Act, his name shall not again be entered on the Roll except by the direction of the Council, but the Council may at any time direct that his name be restored to the Roll. [As Inserted by Legal Profession Act (Amendment) Decree, 1969 (NLCD 338) s. 1 (b)].

      (2) The power of the Council to restore to the Roll the name of a lawyer whose name has been struck off the Roll may be exercised notwithstanding that the decision ordering his name to be struck off the Roll was taken before the passing of this Act.

    • Where under this Part the Disciplinary Committee have directed that a lawyer be prohibited from practising they may at any time review their decision and direct that the prohibition be withdrawn.

    • (1) A party appearing by a lawyer in any case shall be at liberty to change his lawyer without an order for that purpose upon notice of the change being filed in the office of the Registrar of the Court.

      (2) Until notice is so filed and a copy thereof served upon him, the former lawyer shall be considered as appearing for the party until final judgment, unless allowed by the Court for any special reason to cease from acting therein; but he shall not be bound except under express agreement or unless re-engaged, to take any proceedings in relation to any appeal from the judgment.

    • (1) Where it appears to the Court that any case has been commenced or carried on maliciously or without probable grounds, and the party by or on whose behalf it has been so commenced or carried on has been represented by a lawyer, or if it appears that any lawyer has by any sort of deceit induced his client to enter into or continue any litigation, the lawyer shall, on failure of his client to pay any costs which he may be ordered to pay, be liable to pay the amount thereof to the party to whom costs are given.

      (2) Such failure shall be deemed to have taken place if the client has refused or neglected to make payment after a demand has been made on him, although no process of execution may have been used against him.

      (3) This section shall not restrict the liability of any lawyer in respect of the above mentioned or any other misconduct for which he would otherwise be punishable.

    • A lawyer shall not be entitled to recover any costs in respect of any proceedings beyond the amount applicable to the proceedings which may be allowed by the authorised scale of fees or, in matters not therein included, which the Court may allow on taxation, having regard to the skill, labour, and responsibility involved.

    • Any agreement intended to secure to a lawyer any remuneration, or to constitute any conditions of his employment other than authorised by this Part, shall be null and void, and if a lawyer enters into any such agreement, or receives any larger amount than authorised, either directly or indirectly, through any other person, for his use or benefit, he shall refund the whole amount of the overcharge, and shall be liable to a fine which may extend to double the amount of the overcharge or to lbG20.

    • A lawyer shall not be entitled to commence any suit for the recovery of any fees for any business done by him as a barrister or solicitor until the expiration of one month after he has served on the party to be charged a bill of those fees, the bill either being signed by the lawyer (or in the case of a partnership by any of the partners, either in his own name or in the name of the partnership) or being enclosed in or accompanied by a letter signed in like manner referring to the bill.

    • Upon the party to be charged applying to the Court within the month referred to in section 30 of this Act, the Court may refer the bill and the demand of the lawyer to be taxed and settled by the taxing officer of the Court.

    • If application is not made within the month referred to in section 30 of this Act, a reference for taxation may be made upon the application of the lawyer, with such directions and subject to such conditions as the Court making the reference thinks proper, and the Court may restrain him from commencing a suit for the recovery of his fees pending the reference on such terms as the Court thinks proper.

    • No reference shall be directed upon application made by the party to be charged after judgment has been obtained in any suit for the recovery of the fees of the lawyer or after expiration of twelve months after the bill has been served except under special circumstances to be proved to the satisfaction of the Court to which application for the reference is made.

    • Upon any reference, if either the lawyer or the party to be charged, having due notice, refuses or neglects to attend the taxation, the taxing officer may proceed to tax and settle the bill ex parte.

    • If on any reference the party to be charged attends on taxation the cost of the reference shall, subject to section 36 of this Act, be paid according to the event of the taxation: that is to say, if the bill when taxed is less by a sixth part than the bill served, the lawyer shall pay the costs; otherwise, the party to be charged shall pay the costs.

    • (1) Every order for a reference shall direct the taxing officer to certify what is found to be due to or from the lawyer in respect of the bill, including the costs of the reference.

      (2) The taxing officer may certify especially any circumstances relating to the bill or reference and the Court may make any such order as it thinks proper respecting the costs of the reference.

      (3) Where any reference is made under section 33 of this Act the Court may, if it thinks fit, give any special directions relative to the costs of the reference.

    • It shall not in any case be necessary in the first instance for any lawyer in proving a compliance with this Part to prove the contents of the bill served; it shall be sufficient to prove that a bill for fees signed in the manner provided or enclosed in or accompanied by the letter as provided was duly served.

    • (1) Upon the completion of the taxation of the bill, the taxing officer shall submit for the approval of the Court the result of his taxation, including costs, and, subject to review, the amount approved by the Court shall be final and conclusive as to the amount of the bill and costs.

      (2) The Court may in its discretion review any approval on the application of either party made within twenty-one days of the approval, and the Court may order that judgment be entered for the amount approved, unless the retainer is disputed, or to make such other order as the Court thinks proper.

    • The Court may make an order for the delivery by any lawyer of any bill of fees for business done by him; and the Court shall have all necessary powers for enforcing the delivery up by a lawyer of any deeds, documents, for things in his possession, custody, or power.

    • The Court may authorise a lawyer to commence a suit for the recovery of his fees against the party to be charged, and may refer his bill of fees to be taxed and settled by the taxing officer of the Court, although one month may not have expired from the delivery of the bill, on proof to the satisfaction of the Court that there is probable cause for believing that the party chargeable is about to quit Ghana, or to become insolvent, or to take any other steps or to do any other act which in the opinion of the Court would tend to defeat or delay the lawyer in obtaining judgment.

    • All applications made under this Part to refer any bill to be taxed and settled or for the delivery up of deeds, documents, or things shall be by motion in the matter of the lawyer concerned.

    • This Part applies to the executor, administrator, and assignee of a lawyer in respect of business done by the lawyer.

    • Every person who draws or prepares any legal document for reward shall endorse or cause to be endorsed thereon his name and address; and any person omitting so to do shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding lbG10.

    • No other person than a lawyer shall either directly or indirectly for or in expectation of any fee, gain, or reward draw or prepare any legal document; and any person contravening this section shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine lbG50.

    • (1) An agreement to pay a fee or reward to any person, other than a lawyer, in consideration of his drawing or preparing any legal document is void.

      (2) Any person who pays to any person, other than a lawyer, any fee or reward for having drawn or prepared or agreed to draw or prepare a legal document, may sue for and recover the amount of the fee or reward from the person to whom it was paid.

    • This Part does not apply to any public officer drawing or preparing a legal document in the course of his duty as such, nor to the mere engrossing of document.

    • The Minister may, by legislative instrument, except from this Part any class of document specified in the instrument.

    • (1) If a person fails to comply with any of the rules made under section 48 of this Act, any person may make a complaint in respect of that failure to the Disciplinary Committee.

      (2) The provisions of Part III of this Act shall apply in relation to complaints under this section as they apply in relation to application to the Committee under Part III.

    • Rules made under section 48 of this Act shall not apply to any person who is in full-time employment as an officer of the Government or a local authority or a consultant to an incorporated body.

    • Where a person is employed as an officer of the Government or local authority or as a consultant to an incorporated body and at the same time engages in private practice as a lawyer, the rules made under section 48 of this Act shall only apply to him so far as regards moneys received, held or paid by him in the course of the private practice.

    • (1) Subject to subsection (2), the General Legal Council may, by legislative instrument, make rules in relation to any matter referred to in this Act as prescribed.

      (2) Rules for the purposes of section 3, 6 or 8 of this Act shall not be made save with the approval of the Minister.

      (3) A legislative instrument under this Act shall be subject to annulment by the National Assembly.

    • The enactments referred to in the Third Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed.

    • Rules and regulations made under any provision of the Legal Practitioners Act, 1958, and in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall continue in force and shall be deemed to have been made under the corresponding provision of this Act.

    • In this Act, except where the contrary intention appears-

      "enrolment" means the entry of a name in the Roll of Lawyers;

      "fees" includes charges and disbursements;

      "lawyer", for the purposes of Part V of this Act, includes any person enrolled at the time the relevant business was done; and, for the purposes of Part VI of this Act, does not include a lawyer for the time being suspended from practice;

      "legal document" means any document (other than a will) conferring, transferring, limiting, charging, or extinguishing, or purporting to confer, transfer, limit, charge, or extinguish any right, title, or interest in property, movable or immovable, or any document (including a letter) indicating that legal proceedings may be brought against the person whom it is addressed or any other person;

      "military advocate" means a commissioned officer of the Armed Forces who is certified by the Chief Justice to be qualified to practise in a country other than Ghana;

      "the Minister" means the Minister to whom functions under this Act are for the time being assigned by the President;

      "practise", in relation to a country other than Ghana means practise as a barrister, solicitor or advocate or in a like capacity, by whatever name called.

    • This Act shall come into operation on the 1st day of January, 1961.